Cylchgronau Cymru

as a name for a particular place or area is of similar age the charter granted by Llywelyn I to Cymer Abbey in 1209 refers to three of them, and from this time onwards instances of hafodydd as particular places with specific names occur regularly in records and can usually be identified on modern maps. Hafod occurs also as a name, or as a component of names, of townships, hamlets, granges and manors from Anglesey to Monmouthshire.* Lluest is not known as a name for a township or other administrative area, or for a grange of a monastery. Nor has it been traced as a place- name in records to such early dates. But in literature it occurs almost as early as does hafod. It appears in the 14th century manuscript of the Mabinogion known as The White Book of Rhydderch,10 and in the 14th century Welsh translation of parts of the Bible known as T Bibyl rnghymraec." The Red Book of Hergest (late 14th century) contains a series of 15 englynion each beginning with Lluest CadwaU- awn and each englyn locates the lluest in a different place"— on the Severn, Teifi, Tywi, at Carmarthen and in Pembrokeshire-thus implying a moveable tent or encampment. This is the sense in which it is used also in the 16th century manuscript of the soldier Ellis Gru- flyth.18 Lluest was also the word which the translators of the Old Testament used to translate the Hebrew word for tent.14 In general, the early usage of lluest is in the sense of a temporary structure, quickly pitched, and easily moved. Although hafod has long been regarded as the name for the summer dwelling used by farming folk during the grazing season in the uplands, it is clear from medieval records that hafod was an area of pasture grazed in summer.* For example, the Record of Caernarvon (1352) refers to the hauot of Bryn-tyrch and that of Cwm Clorad, both in tributary valleys of Nant y Gwryd. At Dolwyddelan it records Hafod Penamnen and Hafod-boeth, as well as eight havotriae (which is the plural of a Latin word that would seem to have been coined from the Welsh words hafotre or hafotir.) The Record attributes to Hafod Cwm Clorad a stock-carrying capacity of 40 animals and to Hafod Penamnen and Hafod-boeth 120 and 40 animals respectively, whereas the havotriae of Dolwyddelan each supported either 40 or 60 animals u •Pi^abo the usage in Scotland where skUling is the name usually given to all the rough nattuxa